France.1916 yr.10 centimes.Lot 257

Description: France.1916 year.10 centimes.Lot 257. Shipped with USPS First Class. Weight:9.96 gm Size:30 mm Certificate of Authenticity available Centime(fromLatin:centesimus) isFrenchfor "cent", and is used in English as the name of the fractioncurrencyin severalFrancophone countries(includingSwitzerland,Algeria,Belgium,MoroccoandFrance). In France the usage ofcentimegoes back to the introduction of thedecimal monetary systemunderNapoleon. This system aimed at replacing non-decimal fractions of older coins. A five-centime coin was known as asou, i.e. asolidusorshilling. InFrancophone Canada1100of a Canadian dollar is officially known as acentin both English and French. However, in practice, the form ofcennehas completely replaced the officialcent. Spoken and written use of the official formcentin Francophone Canada is exceptionally uncommon. In the Canadian French vernacularsou,sou noir(noirmeans "black" in French),cenne, andcenne noireare all widely known, used, and accepted monikers when referring to either1100of a Canadian dollar or the 1 coin (colloquially known as a "penny" in North American English). In the European communitycentis the official name for one hundredth of aeuro. However, in French-speaking countries the wordcentimeis the preferred term. Indeed, theSuperior Council of the French languageof Belgium recommended in 2001 the use ofcentime, sincecentis also the French word for "hundred". An analogous decision was published in theJournal officielin France (2 December 1997). In Morocco,dirhamsare divided into 100centimes and one may find prices in the country quoted incentimes rather than in dirhams. Sometimescentimes are known as francs or informer Spanish areas,pesetas. TheBattle of Verdun was fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916 on theWestern Frontin France. The battle was the longest of theFirst World Warand took place on the hills north ofVerdun-sur-Meuse. The German5th Armyattacked the defences of the Fortified Region of Verdun (RFV,Rgion Fortifie de Verdun) and those of the FrenchSecond Armyon the right (east) bank of theMeuse. Using the experience of theSecond Battle of Champagnein 1915, the Germans planned to capture the Meuse Heights, an excellent defensive position with good observation for artillery-fire on Verdun. The Germans hoped that the French would commit their strategic reserve to recapture the position and suffer catastrophic losses at little cost to the Germans. Poor weather delayed the beginning of the attack until 21 February but the Germans capturedFort Douaumontin the first three days. The advance then slowed for several days, despite inflicting many French casualties. By 6 March,2012French divisions were in the RFV and a more extensive defence in depth had been constructed.Philippe Ptainordered no retreat and that German attacks were to be counter-attacked, despite this exposing French infantry to German artillery-fire. By 29 March, French guns on the west bank had begun a constant bombardment of Germans on the east bank, causing many infantry casualties. The German offensive was extended to the left (west) bank of the Meuse, to gain observation and eliminate the French artillery firing over the river but the attacks failed to reach their objectives. In early May, the Germans changed tactics again and made local attacks and counter-attacks; the French recaptured part of Fort Douaumont but then the Germans ejected them and took many prisoners. The Germans tried alternating their attacks on either side of the Meuse and in June capturedFort Vaux. The Germans advanced towards the last geographical objectives of the original plan, atFleury-devant-DouaumontandFort Souville, driving asalientinto the French defences. Fleury was captured and the Germans came within4km (2mi)of the Verdun citadel but in July the offensive was cut back to provide troops, artillery and ammunition for theBattle of the Somme, leading to a similar transfer of the FrenchTenth Armyto the Somme front. From 23 June to 17 August, Fleury changed hands sixteen times and a German attack on Fort Souville failed. The offensive was reduced further but to keep French troops in the RFV, away from the Somme, ruses were used to disguise the change. In September and December, French counter-offensives recaptured much ground on the east bank and recovered Fort Douaumont and Fort Vaux. The battle lasted for302 days,the longest and one of the mostcostlyin human history. In 2000,Hannes HeerandKlaus Naumanncalculated that the French suffered377,231 casualtiesand the Germans337,000,a total of714,231and an average of70,000a month. In 2014, William Philpott wrote of976,000casualties in 1916 and1,250,000 inthe vicinity during the war. In France, the battle came to symbolise the determination of the French Army and the destructiveness of the war.

Price: 75 USD

Location: Federal Way, Washington

End Time: 2024-08-06T23:27:44.000Z

Shipping Cost: N/A USD